PAPER
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHILOSOPHY
AND THEOLOGY IN
THE POSTMODERN AGE
Writted By : Ani Nurwasilah
(11521091)
PONDOK PESANTREN
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA
YOGYAKARTA
2012/2013
A.
ABSTRACT
According
to many scientists, the philosophy is the mother of all kinds of science, even
though others reveal that philosophy is
born because of theology but the idea about
science philosophy rejected by philosophers in the Western world because
philosophy is a science that puts on the science of devotion and human nature
is not theology. And the philosopers looking for the real answer what is the
relationship between philosophy and theology through the ultimate goal of a
science.
Many
people found that philosophy brings new problems to the resolution of a
problem. Philosophers hoped that philosophy is not eliminated even by the
scientists who hope philosophical theology will be lost. The philosophers
refused the treatment of theologians because of some reasons that any human
problems posed by philosophers concluded emerging as an issue of human reason
and a man made the difference between humans and animals are the object of
philosophy. Philosophy is a fact that
has not complete and still debated. Philosophy presents science for many years,
and the presentation of the science needs cooperation with humanism,
materialism, physicalism, naturalism, and other ideologies in contrary to
religion.
Meanwhile
theology must be understood that it is not only includes the science of kalam
but the ethics of religion jurisprudence and ushul fiqh. From some of the
points above, we can see some questions raised by philosophers to the
theologians. One of the most important things for review is epistimologi.
Because it is the middle part of the thinkers who serve (ancient times) less
attention to the contemporary thinkers. How we know the existence of God?
Classic answer posed by the Christians and Muslims that we can formulate
deductive proof and the conclusion states the existance of God. The problem of
this answer is many premise that embodies at first, but now has been
questioned. In fact, the philosophy is the science that uses the methods of
human thought is not limited by religious laws while keagaan theological
science which explains about the existence of God, religious ethics,
jurisprudence, ushul fiqh and others.
In
religion and philosophy, there are three subjects, there are religion is the
main object of philosophy, the understanding of religion philosophy and the
differences between theological and philosophical approaches, these three
discussion influent to the relationship between philosophy and theology in
fact. And as a rational human being must have the desire to prove the truth of
religious beliefs from the perspective or logic or free. Thus the discussion of
the them will be clarify in this paper.
B. THE PROBLEM
STATEMENT
To understand
the relationship between philosophy and theology in postmodern era, the authors
presents some important issue about those theory, includes:
1. What is the
real definition of philosophy and religion itself ?
2. Why Religion
is referred as the object of Philosophy
?
3. How different
approaches to the relationship between philosophy and theology ?
C. THE BASIC
CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
According
to the sources about the relationship between philosophy and theology explains
the problems with the frame of mind is there is the influent from every aspect
of either philosophy or theology itself, in fact the thought of both scientists
and the condition in this postmodern era. Among the topics in conceptual frame
work is the history of the greatest philosophers before Ibnu Sina is Al-Farabi,
his philosophical analysis is drawn from the Greek language used as Arabic word
come from the word philosophia means love of truth. It should be underlined
that, although the word philosophy comes from the Greek language and the
ancient Greek philosophical tradition has had since 500 BC, it does not mean only
those ancient Greeks who had been living philosophy.
Whereas
if you look up the definition of religion is a protective hard word. There are
at least three reasons why religion is said to have a difficult first
definition, because religion is a social spiritual experience and subjective
subjective and individualistic,second there is no one talks so lively and
emotional rather than talk about religion, then the discussion of religion
always have strong and emotional conversation, so it is difficult to give
meaning about religious sentence, third, because the concept of religion is
influenced by the goal of the person who gave the definition of religion.
(According to Dr. A. Mukti Ali). Many scientists claim that the difficulty of
defining religion.
`Similarities
between philosophy and theology are both aimed at finding the truth, Philosophy
with his nature tp find the truth, whether the truth about nature or human or
God, whereas the characteristic of religion provide answers to all the problems
of human rights’s question, whether of nature, human and God.
D. THE STEPS,
THE PROCEDURE AND THE APPLIED EXAMPLE
Steps
and procedures used on the relationship between philosophy and theology in the
postmodern era is analyze each understanding of philosophy and religion, then
the discussion of the development of the two as the example of philosopher
thought and a prominent theological thought in ancient times to discover
similarities and differences of both, this is a stepto be the main subject to
know how the relationship between philosophy and theology in this postmodern
era. Its basically every science has two kinds of objects, material and formal
object. It said that the material object is something being targeted
investigations, as well as the human body is the material object of medical
science, while the formal object is a particular perspective about material
objects, such as empirical and experimental approaches in medical science.
Meanwhile
observed from material object of philosophy, religion is an object in the
physical and metaphysical dimensions. And if linked on the philosophy of
religion is a discussion of the problematic aspects of the eschatology of
absolute justice and the will of God, viewed from one side, God is almighty,
but he also willing absolute. It becomes the problem of the God's justice as a
Jahar entered into heaven. The solution for a certain class of Gods keep fair
because they have an absolute desire, but another group thinks God is unfair
because it does not conform with the promises in the Bible that God will enter
the wicked into hell. According to another groups from class above about God enter the wicked into the heaven,
then the system of good and bad values are not useful because the fate of
someone is not determined by its effort in the world, but by the absolute will
of God. Examples of such problems are used as an approximation of the
relationship between philosophy and theology.
E. CONCLUSION
From
the various descriptions of the formula above, we can conclude that there is an
issue related to the relationship between philosophy and theology in the
postmodern era, including:
a. Religion as
the object study of philosophy
Philosophy
as a systematicand radical process of thinking also has a material object and
formal object. Material object of philosophy is all that exists, including the
empirical worldand non empirical world. Seems like a metaphysical nature. Some
philosophers divide philosophy material objects into three parts, in fact, in
mind and that is the possibility. The formal object of philosophy is a holistic
point of view, radical and objective, in order to achieve its nature.
Religion is a
belief system that God has always embraced by human interaction with Him.
Subject discussed in religion is the existence of gods, humans and the
relationship between man and his god. This is an aspect of metaphysics while
human beings and part of the natural objects included in the category of
physics. Thus the philosophy of religion discussed in terms of the metaphysical
and physical, but the pressure point of philosophy is more focused to the
metaphysical aspect than the physical. The physical aspect will be more clearly
outlined in the natural sciences such as biology, psychology and anthropology.
b. Understanding
Philosophy-Theology
Discussed
above regarding the definition of philosophy, addition to the understanding of
philosophy is very diverse in expression, even Moh. Hatta and Langeveld said
that the definition of philosophy not to be given because everyone has their
own pressure in the definition. Therefore let everyone examines the philosophy
first and then summarize their own perception.
There
is another definition of religion that most of the scientists also can not give
a clear sense of this, but etymologically religion derived from the word
Sankskrit. Some argue that the word consists of two words, the first words a means not and gam means go so religion will not go, permanent inherited hereditary. Religion have
such properties. While the Arabic word Al-din
consist of letters dal, ya and nun, from these letters can be read by dain means the debt, and din means religion and doomsday.Those
three meaning show two different parts, the first part higher, more powerful,
feared and respected by second parts. In the religion of God, the first is
higher than humans. In debts, lend is richer than is owed, as well as doomsday,
God decices the doomstay, God is the owner of human and they must submit to the
owner.
c. Theological
and philosophical differences in approach
Karen
theological science is discuss about the principal of religion, as an issue of
faith and the oneness of god, this science is called Ushululddin. It also called tauhid
Review
from subject aspects and object of theology and philosophy turned out some
similarities. Subjects were discussing in theology and philosophy is the same
discuss human. Object of theology and philosophy is divinity. In theology,
divinity issues addressed in accordance with the instructions revelation,
whereas problems in the philosophy of divinity based on rational question about
the God’s being. Theology approach is more deductive, while philosophy is more
inductive. The implications of these two approaches are different. God in
theological discussion accentuate gods who has personified (personal God),
while the god in philosophy does not accentuate personal god.
In addition the
same forms of philosophy and theology mentioned above include:
1. Philosophy
and theology equally never finished discussing the existence of god
2. The
discussion object of philosophy and theology is the same, it is about existence
of God as the One of the most perfect and eternal.
3. Philosophy
and theology gives rational argument about God.
F. REFLECTION /
IMPACT AND TO WORD IN ISLAM CONTRIBUTION THOUGHT.
The
existence of differences and similarities and the relationship between
philosophy and theology will affect human life and the notion of Islam now with
the values contained in this connection is very important to know by the
people, especially the students studied philosophy and religion or science
Ushuluddin. Due to the presence of thoughts on philosophy and theology, reason
will affect the perspective of someone who believed the truth of his argument.
Because philosophy intends to assert the truth of a particular religion or
untruth basic fundamentals. While theology accept certain religious teachings
as truth, and aims to maintain religious beliefs, because of it, appears what is called Islamic theology,
Christian theology and Jewish theology, the theology in this sense is like an
army guarded the sacred trip,but philosophy likes a shepherd without a guard.
REFERENCES
1.
Prof.Dr.Harun Nasution, islam ditinjau dari
berbagai aspeknya, (Jakarta:UI Press,1979)jil. 1 hlm. 9.
2.
Dr.
Moh. Quraish Shihab, MA, Mahkota tuntunan Ilahi, (Jakarta: Untagama,1986),hlm.
35.
3.
Dr.
Bakhtiar Amsal, MA.. 1997. Filsafat
Agama. Ciputat : Logos Wacana Ilmu.
4.
M.
Shihab Quraish. 2005. Logika Agama. Ciputat : Lentera hati.
5.
H.
Saifuddin Anshari Endang MA. 1979. Ilmu Filsafat Dan Agama. Surabaya : Bina
ilmu.
very nice review....
BalasHapus